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The world’s most ubiquitous navigation technology, GPS – or Global Positioning System – is vulnerable to hacking. This exposes potentially dangerous security risks in critical systems, from air traffic control to satellite communications. 

University of Toronto professor Amr Helmy of the department of electrical and computer engineering in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering is working to harness cutting-edge approaches in quantum sensing to reduce our current reliance on GPS and introduce a more secure, accurate approach to mapping and navigation.

“Quantum sensing technology introduces groundbreaking approaches to measuring things,” says Helmy. “It’s an exciting time because it’s a challenging time. But there are emerging needs in both instrumentation technologies and in security, where quantum sensing is the answer.”

He recently received funding from the Government of Canada, , to upgrade today’s fiber-optic gyroscopes — a device that is used to detect the deviation of an object from its desired orientation — into scalable, portable, lightweight quantum-enhanced navigation instruments that can be deployed in aircrafts, ships, land vehicles and on personnel.

Quantum sensors have capabilities that extend beyond the reach of conventional systems of measurement: they rely on the “squeezing effect,” whereby photons have the uncertainty inherent to their attributes minimized, to precisely measure the position of a location.

To develop new navigation tools, Helmy is using a design approach patented by his lab to integrate chip-based sources of quantum-squeezed light into existing optical gyroscopes. 

In addition to improving mapping accuracy, he points out that there are also situations in which a GPS wouldn’t be functional, “such as under water or at the North or South Poles. Quantum technology helps with that as well.”

Quantum sensing also provides a solution to security breaches. Unlike GPS platforms, quantum-enhanced navigation instruments do not rely on satellites to work,which makes them less vulnerable to hacking or spoofing. 

GPS hacking and spoofing – when a location falsely masquerades as something else – have made headlines around the world in recent years, from researchers successfully hacking a yacht’s navigation to bring it off its programmed course, to the discovery of when they were in fact out to sea.

“As such, there is an urgency to develop and understand the defence capabilities of these rapidly evolving quantum technologies,” says Helmy. 

In 2015, Helmy was awarded a Connaught Global Challenge Award to lead research that could break open communication encryption while ensuring the security, privacy and confidentiality of legitimate communications.

“Professor Helmy’s work represents an exciting step forward for quantum sensing and the application of this exciting technology” says Derek Newton, U of T's assistant vice-president, innovation, partnerships and entrepreneurship.  

U of T Engineering is at the forefront of quantum research applications, says Helmy. 

“Our Faculty is uniquely positioned. We have a formidable set of skills and resources that can both develop the sensing and also deploy the background technology that is needed to make it happen within a year, if not months.”